Drinks allowed on the atkins diet
06. Energy expenditure was assessed using the well-established Stanford 7-day physical activity recall. Clinic and laboratory staff members were blinded to treatment assignment. Participant Flow Through the Trial View Large Download Figure 2. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial. This same pattern was observed for fiber intake. Total energy expenditure was slightly higher for the Ornish group vs the other 3 groups at baseline but was not significantly different among groups at any subsequent time point ( Table 1 ). The primary study objective was to examine the effects of diets and gradations of carbohydrate intake on weight loss and related metabolic variables in overweight and obese premenopausal women. At all time points, the statistically significant findings for HDL-C and triglycerides concentrations favored the Atkins group ( Table 3 ). The ongoing obesity epidemic, 1 along with its health costs and consequences 2 and the health benefits of weight loss, 3 -. Between-group differences in dietary intake at each time point were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA). At subsequent time points the diets were statistically different in carbohydrate content, progressing from low to high across the Atkins, Zone, LEARN, and Ornish groups. 31, 32 The primary analysis was conducted applying intention-to-treat methods with baseline values carried forward for missing values. A range of behavior modification techniques were discussed during the 2-month classes. 7-kg difference for 12-month weight change between groups. 3-kg SD of weight change. The LEARN group was instructed to follow a prudent diet that included 55% to 60% energy from carbohydrate and less than 10% energy from saturated fat, caloric restriction, increased exercise, and behavior modification strategies. 35 (Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis). Blood samples were collected after a 10-hour or longer fast. There were no substantive differences in any of these findings compared with the analyses with baseline values carried forward and, therefore, only the primary analyses are presented. Height was measured to the nearest millimeter using a standard wall-mounted stadiometer. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. Data collectors were trained and certified by the Nutrition Coordinating Center. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. Between-group differences in patterns of nutrient intake were largest at 2 months. Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. Each group received specific target goals according to the emphasis of the assigned diet. Also for exploratory purposes, all analyses of weight and secondary outcome measures were tested using only available data, without using baseline values carried forward for missing data or other imputation methods. At 12 months, the patterns of nutrient differences between groups were still present, but the magnitude of differences was diminished. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. 10, 11. The reverse pattern, higher to lower intakes, was statistically significant for protein, fat, and saturated fat at all time points. Several recent trials compared low-carbohydrate vs traditional low-fat, high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. The primary objective was to test whether any of the 4 diets, representing a spectrum of carbohydrate intake, was more effective than any other in 12-month weight loss. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC. To compare 4 weight-loss diets representing a spectrum of low to high carbohydrate intake for effects on weight loss and related metabolic variables. Differences among diets for 12-month changes from baseline were tested by ANOVA. Insulin and glucose measurements were obtained from the same aforementioned 84% of the total sample for lipids. Non-HDL-C differences among groups were not significant at any time point. Weight loss was greater for women in the Atkins diet group compared with the other diet groups at 12 months, and mean 12-month weight loss was significantly different between the Atkins and Zone diets ( P Conclusions. The LEARN program is intended to be a 16-week program and, therefore, the 8 weeks of guidance through this book reflected an accelerated time frame, which was necessary to match the time frame given for the other 3 diet groups. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. The study was approved annually by the Stanford University Human Subjects Committee. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. The Tukey studentized range test was used to adjust for multiple testing. In this study, premenopausal overweight and obese women assigned to follow the Atkins diet, which had the lowest carbohydrate intake, lost more weight and experienced more favorable overall metabolic effects at 12 months than women assigned to follow the Zone, Ornish, or LEARN diets. 20. 33, 4. 1 kg on a calibrated clinical scale. There were no significant group differences at baseline in percentage of energy from carbohydrate, fat, or protein or in grams of saturated fat or fiber, except for a borderline significant difference in percentage of energy from fat between Atkins and LEARN ( P.
A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite c ompensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. All statistical tests were 2-tailed using a significance level of. 8, 9, 18, 19 The guidelines for the Zone and LEARN diets incorporated specific goals for energy restriction, while for the Atkins and Ornish diets, there were no specific energy restriction goals. 12 -. 8, 9 However, limited evidence has been available to effectively evaluate other diets. Participant enrollment began in February 2003, and the study ended in October 2005. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). The recalls occurred on 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day per time point, on nonconsecutive days whenever possible. Popular diets, particularly those low in carbohydrates, have challenged current recommendations advising a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for weight loss. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Outcomes were assessed at months 0, 2, 6, and 12. Premenopausal women aged 25 to 50 years were invited to enroll if their body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 27 to 40, body weight was stable over the previous 2 months, and medications were stable for at least 3 months. Relative to baseline, there was a modest and significant mean increase ( P. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. Weight loss at 12 months was the primary outcome. Overall, the LEARN manual has the greatest emphasis on behavior modification strategies. Each diet group attended 1-hour classes led by a registered dietitian once per week for 8 weeks and covered approximately one eighth of their respective books per class. The selected minimal clinically significant between-group difference in weight change was 2. Potential benefits and risks have not been tested adequately. Additional recommendations given for physical activity, nutritional supplements, and behavioral strategies were consistent with those presented in each diet book. Weight Change Relative to Baseline View Large Download Baseline values were carried forward for any missing values. 7 kg (6 lb, approximately 3% for a 180-lb individual). For statistically significant ANOVAs, all pairwise comparisons among the 4 diets were tested using the Tukey studentized range adjustment. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. 05. Attendance was not different by diet group ( P. The Ornish and Zone books suggest some stimulus-control strategies but on the whole do not emphasize behavior modification, whereas both the Atkins and LEARN books suggest multiple strategies, such as relapse preparation and planning strategies and goal setting. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0. Local foods not found in the comprehensive database were added to the database manually. National dietary weight loss guidelines (ie, energy-restricted, low in fat, high in carbohydrate) 7 have been challenged, particularly by proponents of low-carbohydrate diets. Randomization was conducted in blocks of 24 (6 per treatment group) and occurred by having a blinded research technician select folded pieces of paper with group assignments from an opaque envelope. All data were collected at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 months. Statistical testing of changes from baseline to 2 months and to 6 months using pairwise comparisons are presented for descriptive purposes. Overview of the Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) intervention for promoting physical activity in primary health care settings. Participants were enrolled in 4 cohorts, with the first cohort starting in February 2003 and the last cohort starting in September 2004. 0. The primary emphasis for the Ornish group was no more than 10% of energy from fat. However, relative to baseline, there was a significant mean decrease in reported energy intake at all postrandomization time points ( P. For exploratory purposes, ancillary analyses were conducted to determine the effect of diet group assignment on secondary outcomes at 12 months after adjusting for changes in weight loss using linear regression. While questions remain about long-term effects and mechanisms, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet may be considered a feasible alternative recommendation for weight loss. Participants were recruited from the local community, primarily through media advertisements. 34, and 5. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. Based on previous trials, we projected a 6. Author Affiliations: Stanford Prevention Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, Calif. 05. Thus, with 4 treatment groups and a projected 75 participants per group, the study was designed to have 80% power to detect a 2. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—the Evidence Report: National Institutes of Health. At the 2- and 6-month intermediate time points, the weight change for the Atkins group was significantly greater than for all other groups ( P P. Dietary intake data were collected by telephone-administered, 3-day, unannounced, 24-hour dietary recalls using Nutrition Data System for Research software, versions 4.
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Drinks allowed on the atkins diet
